Wetlands That Matter: Ramsar Sites in Jammu & Kashmir

Jammu & Kashmir has often been described as a land of poetry—mountains that read like verses and lakes that open like chapters. But beyond the iconic Dal or Nigeen lies a quieter, deeper narrative: the wetlands that keep this Himalayan region alive. Over the years, five of these fragile, stunning ecosystems have been recognised as Ramsar Sites, placing them on the global map of wetland conservation.

These wetlands are not just geographical features. They are natural infrastructures against floods, winter homes for thousands of migratory birds, reservoirs that support local economies, and cultural landscapes deeply woven into the region’s folklore. In a region where climate change is fast altering water cycles, these wetlands have become more than ecological assets—they are environmental memories that must be protected. 

What is a Ramsar Site?

While most are unaware, a Ramsar site is a site considered to be of international importance under the Ramsar Convention Treaty. Signed in the Ramsar city of Iran in 1971, this convention, also known as the ‘Convention of Wetlands’, is an environmental protection treaty under the auspices of UNESCO. Most of the time, Wetlands are a neglected natural formation, even though they sustain and have a well-developed ecosystem. Although there are a few criteria that need to match the standards to be certified as a ‘Ramsar Site’.

According to a recent survey by the RAMSAR Convention, as of 2025, the number of Ramsar sites globally has increased to a whopping 2,531, out of which 89 are present in India. If you still wish to know more about what Ramsar Sites are, then you can read our article on lesser-known Ramsar Sites in Northeast India, wherein we talk in detail about the criteria for the wetlands, and more.

Hokera Wetland

Located just outside Srinagar, Hokera Wetland feels like a pause button in an otherwise busy urban stretch. Every winter, it transforms into a living runway for migratory birds—mallards, tufted ducks, gadwalls, herons, and dozens more that travel from Central Asia using the Central Asian Flyway. Hokera’s ecological importance is undeniable. It naturally manages excess rainwater, supports fisheries, filters pollutants, and gives the city a green lung. Yet, its challenges are equally real—encroachment, sedimentation, and land conversion threaten to shrink this delicate marsh.

Surinsar–Mansar Lakes

Surinsar and Mansar Lakes are a rare pair—linked hydrologically and culturally. Set against forested hills, Surinsar maintains a quieter, almost meditative character. Mansar, on the other hand, is more vibrant with temples, ghats, and local families who have grown generations around its shores. Their Ramsar status highlights the importance of landscapes that blend ecology with heritage. These lakes host turtles, diverse fish populations, lotus beds, and resident as well as migratory birds. They also act as recharge sources for groundwater and support local tourism and agriculture. But maintaining harmony here requires care: increasing footfall, waste management challenges, and changing rainfall patterns have been altering their balance.

Wular Lake

Spread across Bandipora district, Wular Lake is one of Asia’s largest freshwater lakes. Locals call it the valley’s “water cushion,” and rightly so. During heavy rains or snowmelt, Wular absorbs and regulates the surplus water that would otherwise flood surrounding areas. Fisherfolk, wicker artisans, and farmers depend on Wular for their livelihoods. Its reed beds, fish species, and marshes provide rich biodiversity, while its waters are deeply tied to the Jhelum River’s health. However, decades of shrinking water spread, siltation, deforestation around the catchment, and extensive willow plantations have weakened its natural capacity. Today, restoration efforts, dredging projects, and community initiatives are slowly helping Wular reassert its ecological role.

Hygam Wetland Conservation Reserve

Near Sopore sits Hygam Wetland, a vital stopover for migratory birds along the Central Asian Flyway. Known for its mosaic of marshes, aquatic vegetation, and calm water pockets, Hygam plays a crucial role in supporting geese, ducks, waders, and raptors. In recent decades, agricultural expansion, water diversion, and drying patches have stressed the wetland. Locals often describe it as a wetland “losing its voice,” but the tides have begun to shift. Recent conservation efforts, water-level management, and community involvement have led to improved bird sightings and healthier marsh zones.

Shallabugh Wetland Conservation Reserve

In the Ganderbal district, the sprawling Shallabugh Wetland is often considered the crown jewel for birdwatchers. During peak winter, it turns into a grand, open-air amphitheatre where thousands of migratory birds—from greylag geese to northern pintails—arrive in synchrony. The wetland also supports local reed harvesters, providing material for traditional crafts and winter fodder. Its marshes act as important breeding grounds for native bird species, maintaining ecological balance in the region. However, like its counterparts, Shallabugh too has felt the pressure of land-use change, disrupted water channels, and increased human activity. The Ramsar recognition amplifies the call for scientific management, wetland zoning, and seasonal protection measures.

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