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Bengal Gazette: India’s First Newspaper and its Legacy in Journalism

In 1780, a fearless Irishman’s bold newspaper defied British rule. Discover the untold story behind India's first printed paper and its enduring legacy.

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Tiyasa
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History of Bengal Gazette

The year is 1780, the setting is Calcutta (modern-day Kolkata), and a fearless Irishman dares to take on the might of the British East India Company. What could possibly spark such audacity? Enter the Bengal Gazette, India's first printed newspaper. It wasn’t just ink on paper; it was a revolutionary voice, a spark for free expression. Today, we remember this monumental milestone every Newspaper Day and reflect on how it shaped Indian journalism. Curious? Let’s unfold the tale behind this historic publication and its deep connection with Newspaper Day.

The History of Bengal Gazette: The First Newspaper Published in India

Hickey Gazette

The Bengal Gazette, also known as Hicky’s Bengal Gazette or Calcutta General Advertiser, holds the distinction of being India’s—and Asia’s—first printed newspaper. It was launched on January 29, 1780, in Kolkata (then Calcutta) by James Augustus Hicky, an eccentric yet visionary Irishman. Hicky’s idea wasn’t just to report news but to create a platform that was "open to all parties, but influenced by none." This slogan alone reflected his fearless editorial stance, which quickly turned his publication into a hotbed of controversy.

Priced at just Rs. 1, the weekly newspaper covered a mix of topics, from political and social news to international affairs and advertisements. Hicky initially maintained neutrality, but as he realised the power of his words, he began publishing sharp criticisms against the British East India Company and its administration, particularly targeting Governor General Warren Hastings. The newspaper often exposed corruption and civic mismanagement and even delved into scandalous gossip that left British officials fuming.

The Bengal Gazette also documented significant military and economic events across the subcontinent and the state of affairs in regions like Mysore. Despite its rich content, Hicky’s biting remarks about British authorities led to relentless legal battles. His fearless journalism eventually resulted in the newspaper's closure on March 30, 1782, after Hastings’ administration seized its printing press and auctioned off its types.

What Is Newspaper Day, and How Does It Connect to Bengal Gazette?

first English language newspaper

Did you know that Newspaper Day is celebrated on January 29 every year in India? This day commemorates the publication of the Bengal Gazette, a landmark in Indian journalism history. It also pays tribute to the press’s role in shaping public opinion, advocating free speech, and influencing socio-political discourse.

The Bengal Gazette wasn’t just about news, it symbolised press freedom and became a precursor to the modern journalism we see today. It showed how the pen could be mightier than the sword, even during colonial rule. However, the road wasn’t smooth for James Augustus Hicky. The relentless lawsuits, his eventual imprisonment, and the newspaper’s shutdown exemplify the challenges faced by pioneers of free speech.

Despite its short life, Hicky’s Bengal Gazette left an indelible mark, inspiring later publications to carry forward the torch of journalism. In a way, celebrating Newspaper Day is also a way of remembering Hicky’s contribution and the birth of the press in India—a reminder that journalism is not just about headlines but a medium to question authority and uphold truth.

Challenges and Closure: Why Did Bengal Gazette Shut Down?

Prospectus of Hicky's Bengal Gazette, printed sometime before the first issue.
Photograph: (Prospectus of Hicky's Bengal Gazette, printed sometime before the first issue.)

The story of Hicky’s Bengal Gazette is one of courage, creativity, and controversy. However, it was no match for the immense power of the British administration. The turning point came when Hicky accused Warren Hastings and his wife, Marian, of corruption and unethical practices. These allegations struck a nerve, leading to a series of lawsuits that drained Hicky financially and emotionally.

Even imprisonment couldn’t deter Hicky. Remarkably, he continued to print his newspaper from jail, but the British administration tightened the noose by filing fresh lawsuits. Finally, in March 1782, the Supreme Court ordered the seizure of the newspaper’s printing press, effectively ending its publication. Its types were sold to a rival newspaper, India Gazette, marking the end of Hicky’s bold aim.

Yet, the newspaper’s closure didn’t erase its legacy. It became a symbol of resistance and a testament to the importance of independent journalism. In the words of historian Bipan Chandra, “The press was the chief instrument through which nationalist-minded Indians spread the message of patriotism.” While Hicky’s time preceded the independence movement, his work laid the foundation for using the press as a tool for advocacy and change.

Why Remember Bengal Gazette Today?

History of Bengal Gazette

Why does a defunct 18th-century newspaper still matter in 2025? The answer lies in its spirit of defiance and commitment to truth. In a world where press freedom is often under threat, Hicky’s Bengal Gazette reminds us of the power of the written word. It shows us that journalism is not just about reporting events but about questioning the status state, holding the powerful accountable, and amplifying the voice of the people.

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